Cash transfer in the Covid-19 pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean

Este artigo apresenta resultados parciais de uma investigação em desenvolvimento por pesquisadores de universidades brasileiras, argentinas e uruguaias. Os programas de transferência de renda são vistos como medidas sociais para mitigar a pobreza, bem como para diminuir o aumento do desemprego, do trabalho informal e do desperdício de renda. A metodologia de pesquisa foram estudos bibliográficos e documentais;dados secundários;acesso a sites e dados da Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe. A discussão enfoca concepções, modalidades e o debate sobre Programas Focalizados de Transferência de Renda e Renda Básica Universal como referência para discutir a realidade dos programas de transferência de renda na América Latina e Caribe. Os resultados apontaram para a ampliação dos programas focalizados de transferência de renda;criação de programas emergenciais para atender as consequências econômicas e sociais geradas pela pandemia de Covid-19, mas não foi identificada a implementação da Renda Básica Universal e Incondicional.Alternate :Este artículo presenta resultados parciales de una investigación en desarrollo por investigadores de universidades brasileñas, argentinas y uruguayas. Los programas de transferencias monetarias son vistos como medidas sociales para mitigar la pobreza, así como para disminuir el aumento del desempleo, el trabajo informal y el desperdicio de ingresos. La metodología de investigación fueron estudios bibliográficos y documentales;Datos secundarios;acceso a sitios web y datos de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe. La discusión se centra en las concepciones, modalidades y el debate sobre los Programas de Transferencias Monetarias Focalizadas y la Renta Básica Universal como referencia para discutir la realidad de los programas de transferencias monetarias en América Latina y el Caribe. Los resultados señalaron la ampliación de los programas de transferencias monetarias focalizadas;creación de programas de emergencia para atender las consecuencias económicas y sociales generadas por la pandemia del Covid-19, pero no se identificó la implementación de la Renta Básica Universal e Incondicional.Alternate :This article presents partial results of an investigation under development by researchers at Brazilian, Argentine and Uruguayan Universities. The cash transfer programs are seen as social measures to mitigate poverty, as well as to decrease the rise of unemployment, informal work and waste of income. The research methodology were bibliographic and documental studies;secondary data;access to websites and data from the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. The discuss focus on conceptions, modalities and the debate on Focalized Cash Transfer Programs and Universal Basic Income as reference to discuss the reality of cash transfer programs in Latin America and the Caribbean. The outcomes pointed out the enlargement of the focalized cash transfer programs;creation of emergence programs to meet the economic and social consequences generated by the Covid-19 pandemic, but it was not identified the implementation of the Universal and Unconditional Basic Income.

Food Safety: A Critical Review Based on SDG 2.

This paper aims to analyze the issue of food security, articulating it with the relevance of achieving SDG 2, as one of the fundamental objectives set by the United Nations Organization for Sustainable Development (2015). To achieve this end, the research focuses on four fundamental aspects: 1. The relevance of food security in the global context and the need for timely access to food for individuals, without neglecting the asymmetric structural contexts on the planet, such as hunger and poverty, which limit the conditions for development (FAO, 2009). 2. The relevance of SDG 2 for food security, the production of goods and food effectively, preventing actions that threaten life on the planet (Cóndor et. al, 2022). 3. The presence of people who suffer from hunger in the Latin American and Caribbean region, which has been on the rise since the 2010s and which limits the possibilities of access to sustainability and better living conditions (ECLAC, 2019), a fact that has been intensified with the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic (FAO, 2021). 4. The COVID-19 pandemic that has given rise to new vulnerabilities and conditions for access to food, resulting, among other things, in the stunted growth of infants under five years of age. The method used is documentary review. It concludes on the relevance of food security for the achievement of sustainable development, for the reduction of poverty and structural asymmetric conditions, without failing to recognize the distance that exists to reach the fulfillment of these objectives, especially in convulsive scenarios such as those of the global South. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] El artículo tiene por objetivo analizar el tema de la seguridad alimentaria, articulándolo con la pertinencia de alcanzar el ODS 2, como uno de los objetivos fundamentales planteados por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo sostenible (2015). Para lograr tal fin, la investigación se centra en cuatro aspectos fundamentales: 1. La relevancia de la seguridad alimentaria en el contexto global y la necesidad del oportuno acceso a la alimentación de los individuos, sin dejar de lado los contextos asimétricos estructurales en el planeta, como el hambre y la pobreza, que limitan las condiciones para el desarrollo (FAO, 2009). 2. La pertinencia del ODS 2 para la seguridad alimentaria, la producción de bienes y alimentos de forma efectiva, evitando acciones que atenten contra la vida en el planeta (Cóndor et. al, 2022). 3. La presencia de personas que padecen hambre en la región latinoamericana y caribeña, que viene en ascenso desde la década del 2010 y que limita las posibilidades de acceso a la sostenibilidad y mejores condiciones de vida (CEPAL, 2019), hecho que se ha intensificado con la presencia de la pandemia COVID-19 (FAO, 2021). 4. La pandemia COVID-19 que ha dado lugar a nuevas vulnerabilidades y condicionamientos para el acceso a la alimentación, resultando, entre otras cosas, en el retraso de crecimiento de infantes menores de cinco años. El método utilizado es la revisión documental. Se concluye en la relevancia de la seguridad alimentaria para el logro del desarrollo sostenible, para la disminución de la pobreza y de condiciones asimétricas estructurales, sin dejar de reconocer la distancia que existe para llegar al cumplimiento de estos objetivos, especialmente en escenarios convulsos como los del Sur global. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Revista de Filosofía is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

The impact of Covid-19 on Latin American Psychology: research, profession, and public policy / O impacto da Covid-19 na Psicologia Latino-Americana: pesquisa, profissão e políticas públicas

In this paper, we offer an in-depth analysis of relevant scientific literature and a series of critical reflections based on a narrative review of the impact that the early stages of the Covid-19 pandemic had on Latin American psychology. We performed a non-exhaustive search, selection, and analysis of different documentary sources in scientific databases, institutional repositories, and websites of national and regional psychology organizations between May 25 and 31, 2020. In particular, we consulted SciELO, Redalyc, Dialnet, and Google Scholar using the following individual key words associated to psychology: "Coronavirus", "Covid-19" and "Pandemic". Various types of documents were retrieved for a subsequent in-depth analysis (e.g., articles, institutional documents, notes, bulletins, recommendation guides, etc.). Our review allowed us to identify three challenges for psychology in the region: (1) insertion of psychology in public policies; (2) construction of an own agenda of psychological research; (3) evaluation of practices and reorientation of professional training processes.

Neste artigo, é oferecida uma análise aprofundada da literatura científica relevante e uma série de reflexões críticas baseadas em uma revisão narrativa do impacto que os estágios iniciais da pandemia de Covid-19 tiveram na psicologia latino-americana. Foi realizada uma busca não exaustiva, seleção e análise de diferentes fontes documentais em bancos de dados científicos, repositórios institucionais e websites de organizações nacionais e regionais de psicologia entre 25 e 31 de maio de 2020. Em particular, foram consultadas as bases SciELO, Redalyc, Dialnet e Google Scholar usando as seguintes palavras-chave individuais associadas à psicologia: "coronavírus", "Covid-19" e "pandemia". Vários tipos de documentos foram recuperados para uma análise posterior em profundidade (por exemplo: artigos, documentos institucionais, notas, boletins, guias de recomendação, etc.). A revisão feita pelos autores permitiu identificar três desafios para a psicologia na região: (1) inserção da psicologia nas políticas públicas; (2) construção de uma agenda própria de pesquisa psicológica e (3) avaliação das práticas e reorientação dos processos de formação profissional.

What is post-COVID-19 syndrome? Definition and update.

This work addresses the origin and development of post-COVID-19 syndrome, which consists of the persistence of different symptoms over time as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on a narrative review of the scientific literature, a brief analysis of the new term is made, specifying the conceptual definition, characteristic symptoms, the various implications for people's health, and the responses to specific care measures that have been implemented. It concludes with a wake-up call to the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean in order for care and surveillance to be provided to this public health problem.

Este trabajo aborda el origen y el desarrollo del síndrome pos-COVID-19, el cual consiste en la persistencia a través del tiempo de diferentes síntomas como consecuencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. A partir de una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica, se realiza un breve recorrido sobre el nuevo término y se precisa la definición conceptual, los síntomas característicos, las diversas implicaciones en la salud de las personas y las respuestas de atención específica que se han implementado. Se concluye con una llamada de atención a los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe para dar tratamiento y seguimiento a este problema de salud pública.

Authorization procedure for COVID-19 vaccines: United States of America, European Union and Latin America

Introduction: The recognition of the COVID-19 disease as a pandemic posed a challenge to the National Drug Regulatory Authorities (NRAs). They had to develop guidelines, procedures, create working groups and partnerships to maximize the efficiency of vaccine evaluation, review and licensure. The aim of this article is to present the procedures used in the United States, European Union and Latin America to license the use of vaccines against COVID-19;in order to determine whether the multiplicity of procedures has led to the registration of a large number of vaccines. Method: A review of the pharmaceutical legislation used for the issuance of COVID-19 vaccines licenses during the health emergency was carried out. The information was collected up to October 15, 2022. The sources consulted were government websites of the NRAs: United States, European Union, and Latin America. Results: The United States and the European Union used activities included in their standard flows, such as pre-Investigational New Drug, scientific advice and rolling review, respectively. Latin America, on the other hand, made extensive use of reliance and emergency use authorization in order to access as many vaccines as possible. Conclusions: The procedures used are diverse, but all of them are oriented to provide a rapid pandemic containment product. This diversity results in the presence of different vaccines in the United States, European Union and Latin America. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 Educational Lessons for Latin America and the Caribbean. The need to rethink a new concept of learning

The situation generated by the educational consequences of Covid-19 represents an unbeatable opportunity to rethink some of the paradigms of the pedagogical narrative present to date. The enormous levels of inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean, both within and between countries, make this an unavoidable requirement: rethinking tomorrow has never made more sense than in the exceptional times we are living through. Through a hermeneutic approach, under content analysis of the main reports and documents of international organisations linked to the world of education, an initial urgent review is made of the possible impact of the pandemic on the region's educational backwardness and its impact on the inequality gaps that have persisted for decades. Far from the arrogance of exhausting the subject, a holistic vision is presented, structured in three fundamental areas: what we learning or should learning, how we should learning, and what we should educate for. It is concluded that the deepening of basic learning competences, the integration of the educational challenge of technology and the commitment to the formation of a critical and committed citizenship, apart from other equally decisive pedagogical aspects, should be the pillars of a new concept of learning for the immediate future. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR]

What is post-COVID-19 syndrome? Definition and update / ¿Qué es el síndrome pos-COVID-19? Definición y actualización

Resumen Este trabajo aborda el origen y el desarrollo del síndrome pos-COVID-19, el cual consiste en la persistencia a través del tiempo de diferentes síntomas como consecuencia de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. A partir de una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica, se realiza un breve recorrido sobre el nuevo término y se precisa la definición conceptual, los síntomas característicos, las diversas implicaciones en la salud de las personas y las respuestas de atención específica que se han implementado. Se concluye con una llamada de atención a los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe para dar tratamiento y seguimiento a este problema de salud pública.

Abstract This work addresses the origin and development of post-COVID-19 syndrome, which consists of the persistence of different symptoms over time as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on a narrative review of the scientific literature, a brief analysis of the new term is made, specifying the conceptual definition, characteristic symptoms, the various implications for people's health, and the responses to specific care measures that have been implemented. It concludes with a wake-up call to the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean in order for care and surveillance to be provided to this public health problem.

Pensar las bioéticas de una región en crisis: la fractura ética en la bioética argentina

This article of reflection is an invitation to think critically about one of the main forms of expression and institutionalization of bioethics in Latin America: the so-called Research Ethics Committees. Starting from experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic in Argentina and based on the environmental, social, political and economic particularities of our region, the main objective of the work is to uncover and expose an ethical fracture in the way in which the health problems and the well-being of the communities and individuals of our territories are addressed. A characterization of the ethical fracture is provided, together with some of its problems and a set of ideas that can be incorporated by the Research Ethics Committees to overcome it.Alternate :El presente artículo de reflexión es una invitación a pensar de forma crítica una de las principales modalidades de expresión e institucionalización de la bioética en América Latina: los denominados Comités de Ética en Investigación. Partiendo de experiencias transitadas durante la pandemia de la Covid-19 en Argentina y en función de las particularidades ambientales, sociales, políticas y económicas que exhibe la región, el objetivo fundamental del trabajo consiste en desocultar y exponer una fractura ética en el modo en que se abordan las problemáticas que afectan la salud y el bienestar de las comunidades e individuos de nuestros territorios. Luego de brindar una caracterización de la fractura ética, se exhiben algunos de sus problemas y se ofrece un conjunto de ideas que pueden ser incorporadas por los Comités de Ética en Investigación para subsanarla.

Karl Marx in the Key of Actuality Resignifications, Decentering and Resistances from the Global South.

Objective: this article aims to respond to resignifications, decentering and resistances experienced in the Global South, and their interrelation with anti-systemic movements as expressions of a growing social nonconformism. Methodology: critical análisis of the writings of theorists such as Marx, Wallerstein, and Hobsbawm with the purpose of discovering new explanations regarding current latent political and socioeconomic problems that have been aggravated by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Results: the existence of expressions of rebellion, in general, constitute anti-systemic movements with the purpose of overthrowing everything that exists and promoting a new historical system different from everything that has been lived. Within the new anti-systemic movements, with a starting timeline that could be set from 2011 in Latin America and the world, there is evidence of a change both in the way of conceiving protest and in the relationship established with other subjects, and with cybernetic technology, or increasingly sophisticated electronic and mechanical communication systems. Conclusions: each social science theorist responds to his time and to the problems of the society of which he is a part. The current era is no exception and aspects of other past actualities are taken up again to understand this increasingly convulsive present with unresolved, long-standing problems, among them, the enormous differences and inequalities between the so-called First World countries and the Global South. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] Objetivo: en este artículo se pretende dar respuesta a resignificaciones, descentramientos y resistencias vividas en el Sur Global, y su interrelación con los movimientos antisistémicos como expresiones de un creciente inconformismo social. Metodología: se centra en el análisis conceptual de teóricos como Marx, Wallerstein y Hobsbawm, desde sus escritos, con el propósito de descubrir nuevas explicaciones con respecto a problemas políticos y socioeconómicos latentes en el momento actual, los cuales se han visto agravados con la actual pandemia de la COVID-19. Resultados: la existencia de expresiones de rebeldía, en general, se constituyen en movimientos antisistémicos con propósitos de derrumbar todo lo existente y promover un nuevo sistema histórico diferente de todo lo vivido. Dentro de los nuevos movimientos antisistémicos, con una línea temporal de comienzo que se podría fijar desde el año 2011 en América Latina y el mundo, se evidencia un cambio tanto en la forma de concebir la protesta como en la relación que se instaura con los demás sujetos, y con la tecnología cibernética o de sistemas de comunicación electrónicos y mecánicos cada vez más sofisticados. Conclusiones: cada teórico de las ciencias sociales responde a su época y a los problemas propios de la sociedad de la que es parte. La época actual no es la excepción y se retoman aspectos de otras actualidades pasadas para comprender este presente cada vez más convulso y con problemas no resueltos de vieja data, entre ellos, las enormes diferencias y desigualdades entre los denominados países del Primer Mundo y el Sur Global. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Objetivo: este artigo visa responder às resignações, descentralização e resistências experimentadas no Sul Global, e suas inter-relações com movimentos anti-sistêmicos como expressões de um crescente não-conformismo social. Metodologia: teóricos como Marx, Wallerstein e Hobsbawm foram analisados a partir de seus escritos com o objetivo de descobrir novas explicações sobre os atuais problemas políticos e sócio-econômicos latentes, que foram agravados pela atual pandemia da COVID-19. Resultados: a existência de expressões de rebelião, em geral, constituem movimentos anti-sistêmicos com o propósito de derrubar tudo o que existe e promover um novo sistema histórico que seja diferente de tudo o que foi vivenciado. Dentro dos novos movimentos anti-sistêmicos, com uma cronologia que poderia ser definida a partir de 2011 na América Latina e no mundo, há evidências de uma mudança tanto na forma de conceber o protesto quanto na relação que se estabelece com outros sujeitos, e com a tecnologia cibernética ou sistemas de comunicação eletrônica e mecânica cada vez mais sofisticados. Conclusões: cada teórico das ciências sociais responde a sua própria época e aos problemas da sociedade da qual ele faz parte. A era atual não é exceção, e aspectos de outras realidades do passado são retomados a fim de compreender este presente cada vez mais convulsivo com seus problemas há muito pendentes, incluindo as enormes diferenças e desigualdades entre os chamados países do Primeiro Mundo e o Sul Global. (Portuguese) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Ánfora is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Manizales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Diversos enfoques, raíces comunes: “COVID-19 & Crisis de Desarrollo Humano en América Latina”

COVID-19 & Crisis de Desarrollo Humano es el resultado de un esfuerzo colaborativo para congregar a una pluralidad de voces latinoamericanas y abordar la complejidad de la crisis actual de una forma consecuente con el enfoque de capacidades de Amartya Sen, es decir, reconociendo la multidimensionalidad del problema. Pero la reflexión no sólo apunta a un estudio sobre la región, sino también a la comprensión de las implicancias de la crisis sobre la forma y grado de aplicación que podría alcanzar el enfoque de las capacidades, las dimensiones faltantes o no suficientemente exploradas en los análisis del bienestar y las posibilidades para fortalecer el vínculo del enfoque con las políticas públicas y de protección social. En este sentido, el libro también se plantea como una reflexión desde las particularidades de la crisis en América Latina. La presente edición es recomendada a investigadores que busquen ganar un entendimiento comprehensivo y crítico de las posibilidades y retos del desarrollo humano en América Latina durante y tras la pandemia.

Innovation strategies in sports management: COVID-19 and the Latin American tennis federations

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the most relevant innovation strategies used by the Latin American national tennis federations as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach The methodology consists of a survey. The survey consisted of three sections apart from the consent one: a general descriptive part, one with 30 questions to assess attitudes and perceptions and a final section which included open questions. After the data were collected, the SPSS software was used to test the distribution of the sample. Findings Results show that executives' perception toward their need for involvement in the decision-making process varies. Research limitations/implications The first limitation relates to the sample size of executives who completed the questionnaire. The second limitation refers to the details provided in the open section of the questionnaire. Specifically, the space allocated for the answers and the degree of detail required could have been optimized by providing further instructions on the importance of facilitating information related to the implementation of the programs. Practical implications The results demonstrate that, although traditional management, organizational and administrative behaviors are still present in the tennis ecosystem, a more innovative mentality should embed these organizations. It is then relevant that sport and tennis organizations commit to the implementation of innovative strategies for the optimization of the administration of their ecosystems. Originality/value The paper adds more understanding to the brand of sports management. Furthermore, the fact of developing the study in a COVID-19 context sheds light on the issues faced by sports in a pandemic like this one.

LATIN AMERICA AND RUSSIA AT THE WORLD FOOD MARKET*

The global economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has hardly affected the interests of food producing and exporting companies. Moreover, in the 2020-2021 “covid” years, their sales and incomes increased significantly, which was in stark contrast to the situation in many other sectors of the global economy that experienced a drop in production and exports. Many beneficiaries of the boom in international food markets included a number of agricultural enterprises (so-called agricultural holdings) of Latin America and the Russian Federation. This is due to the fact that, for a number of reasons, that the world food prices have gone up sharply and are now close to a historic high. This was most clearly manifested in the markets of grains and oilseeds, as well as meat and meat products, where the positions of Latin American and Russian business structures are particularly strong. The current situation on the world food market not only favors the further growth of companies producing agricultural products in Latin America and Russia, but also makes changes in the context of trade and economic Russian-Latin American relations. If relatively recently Russia almost exclusively acted as an importer of food, including from Latin America, now domestic agricultural holdings are developing their foreign markets, including the Latin American region, the exports of their products are increasing, and these holdings are resolutely entering into competition with companies from other countries. © 2022. All Rights Reserved.

A Cross-sectional Study of the Mental Health Symptoms of Latin American, US Hispanic, and Spanish College Students Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Young adults and racial/ethnic minorities report the worst mental health outcomes during the COVID19 pandemic, according to the Center for Disease Control (2020). The objectives of this study were (1) to identify common mental health symptoms among Latin American, US Hispanic, and Spanish college students, and (2) to identify clinical features predictive of higher post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among this population. The study sample included 1,113 college students from the USA, Mexico, Chile, Ecuador, and Spain who completed an online survey containing demographic questions and mental health screeners. Findings revealed higher scores of depression, suicidality, and PTSS compared to pre-pandemic levels and current scores by non-Spanish speaking college students; however, less than 5% of participants endorsed clinical levels of anxiety. After controlling for demographic profiles and sociocultural values, clinical symptoms of depression, loneliness, perceived stress, anxiety, and coping strategies explained 62% of the PTSS variance. Age, history of mental illness, perceived social support, and familism were not significant predictors. This sample of college students revealed higher mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. The high prevalence of PTSS highlights the need to develop pragmatic, cost-effective, and culturally sensitive prevention and intervention strategies to mitigate these symptoms. Implications for college administrators and clinicians are discussed.

Caracterización de las manifestaciones cutáneas por infección de SARS COV- 2 en pacientes de América Latina

RESUMEN Introducción. En 2019 surgió el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, causante del COVID-19, ocasionando una pandemia que se extendió rápidamente alrededor del mundo;en casos graves, este, puede desencadenar un síndrome de tormenta de citoquinas, y conllevar a la muerte. Las manifestaciones cutáneas pueden asociarse a la expresión del receptor ACE2 en queratinocitos, estas, se han descrito en la literatura de diversos países. La presente revisión busca documentar las presentaciones cutáneas que se han descrito en pacientes con COVID-19 en América Latina. Metodología. Realizamos una búsqueda en nueve bases de datos de artículos en español, portugués e inglés, hasta el 10 de marzo del 2021, utilizando los términos: «Skin», «Cutaneous manifestations», «COVID 19», «SARS-COV-2», asociándolos al nombre de los países Latinoamericanos. Se obtuvieron los datos básicos de los pacientes incluidos, luego se creó una tabla en Microsoft Excel para analizar y comparar datos. Resultados. Se identificaron 22 publicaciones de nueve países. Obtuvimos información de 92 pacientes, predominantemente de sexo femenino y edad promedio de 31,6 años. Fueron documentadas 99 lesiones dermatológicas, en orden de frecuencia correspondieron a rash, habones, petequias-púrpura y pápulas. En 70 pacientes se describió el segmento corporal afectado, principalmente el tronco, miembros inferiores y superiores. Encontramos 39 fotografías y 5 histopatologías. Los tratamientos más formulados fueron corticoides, antipalúdicos e interferón recombinante. Conclusiones. Se observan diferencias en las manifestaciones cutáneas del COVID-19, entre las publicaciones latinoamericanas respecto a los demás países. Parece haber un patrón propio, donde predomina el rash eritematoso con habones, mientras que la pseudo-perniosis fue menos representativa. Introduction In 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus emerged, producing COVID-19, which caused a pandemic that spread rapidly around the world;in severe cases, it can trigger cytokine storm syndrome and lead to death. Cutaneous manifestations can be associated with the expression of the ACE2 receptor in keratinocytes, these have been described in the literature from different countries. This review seeks to document the skin presentations that have been described in patients with COVID-19 in Latin America. Methodology. We researched in nine databases for articles in Spanish, Portuguese and English, until March 10, 2021, using the terms: “Skin”, “Cutaneous manifestations”, “COVID-19”, “SARS-COV-2”, associating them with Latin American countries. Basic data was obtained from the patients, then a table was created in Microsoft Excel to analyze and compare this data. Results 22 publications from nine countries were identified. We obtained information from 92 patients, predominantly female with an average age of 31.6 years. 99 dermatologic lesions were documented, in order of frequency: rash, wheals, petechiae-purpura and papules. In 70 patients the affected body segment was described, mainly the trunk, lower and upper limbs. We found 39 photographs and 5 histopathologies. The most indicated treatments were corticosteroids, antimalarials and recombinant interferon. Conclusions Differences can be observed in the description of cutaneous manifestations caused by COVID-19, between Latin American publications and the ones found in other countries. There seems to be a specific pattern with a predominance of erythematous rash with wheals, while pseudo-perniosis was less representative.

US SECURITY COOPERATION WITH THE LATIN AMERICA COUNTRIES BEFORE AND AFTER J. BIDEN ADMINISTRATION CAME TO POWER*

This article is a continuation of a study begun in 2020 and devoted to the strategic and practical aspects of US military policy in Latin America at the present. The authors analyze the changes occurred in the US military policy towards Latin American countries under the influence of COVID-19 and after Joseph Biden has taken office. The current areas of cooperation between the United States and the region are considered, chiefly through the work of the US Southern Command. The authors highlight non-military security programs carried out by the State Department. They come round to thinking that there is an urgent need to redistribute resources for humanitarian missions due to their swelling importance for the vital interests of the United States in the region. At the same time, US military policy continues to be reduced to "combating drug trafficking, organized crime and illegal migration." Some of the last political steps taken by Washington in the region have aimed at stemming the Chinese and Russian sprawling influence. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.

Invisible or ignored? COVID-19 and Venezuelan asylum seekers in Peru

Peru receives the second-highest number of Venezuelans after Colombia and more Venezuelan asylum seekers than any other country in the world. This article explores how COVID-19 has affected the living conditions of this group in Peru. The role of the Peruvian state in producing irregularity is analysed, as well as how this condition exacerbates the Venezuelan population's socioeconomic vulnerability. The findings show the state's active participation in producing this irregularity, mainly by restricting access to the refugee system and failing to consider applying the expanded definition of the 1984 Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, which has increased socioeconomic vulnerability, especially during the pandemic. © 2021. All Rights Reserved.

COVID-19 y la militarización del Estado en Brasil

La pandemia del nuevo coronavirus ha impactado severamente a Brasil. En este contexto, las Fuer-zas Armadas han recibido sustancial aumento en su capacidad de decisión y de elaboración de polí-ticas públicas de respuesta a la COVID-19. A partir del presente debate sobre la creciente securitización de la salud pública global en tiempos de pandemia, nosotros convocamos a la literatura reciente sobre el tema con el objetivo de demostrar la originalidad del caso brasileño respeto a la interferencia militar en salud pública. Nuestra hipótesis destaca que en Brasil, ha existido un proceso de militarización de las respuestas a la pandemia sin que haya un simultaneo proceso de securitización. Ello es posible porque el Gobierno Bolsonaro combina negacionismo respeto a la pandemia con una gradual delegación a los militares de puestos claves en la toma de decisiones. Argumentamos que el caso brasileño ofrece instrumentos de análisis importantes para el estudio de otros casos de desequilibrio de las relaciones cívico-militares en el Sur Global.

Dinámicas de la inseguridad y la violencia durante la pandemia en Colombia

El propósito del siguiente trabajo es el de presentar cuáles han sido las principales dinámicas de las actividades delictivas y de la violencia producida por el conflicto armado en Colombia durante la pandemia ocasionada por la Covid-19. Tras una revisión de la literatura más relevante producida en 2020, se presentan las tendencias de la violencia delictiva, lato sensu, y las asociadas con el conflicto armado interno. La situación de parálisis que produjo el confinamiento no se ha traducido en una mitigación del fenómeno de la violencia. Así, las masacres y asesinatos de líderes sociales, activistas, defensores de derechos humanos o exguerrilleros de las FARC-EP se ha mantenido constante cuando no creciente durante este tiempo. Ello debe relacionarse, además, con un contexto de dificultad añadida a un Acuerdo de Paz suscrito con las FARC-EP en noviembre 2016, que además de por las resistencias gubernamentales e incumplimientos, se encuentra superado por una geografía de la violencia cada vez más intensa, que aleja los visos de un escenario de construcción de paz en el país.

México 2018-2021: Pandemia, crisis, seguridad y geopolítica

El artículo se desarrolla sobre la hipótesis de que la pandemia Covid-19 revalora el concepto de seguridad multidimensional, desprendido de la reunión de la Organización de Estados Americanos de 2003. Se afirma que, a nivel de la geopolítica del hemisferio, es en los tres países más poblados, los liderazgos nacionalistas y populistas de Donald Trump, Jair Bolsonaro y Andrés Manuel López Obrador, donde la pandemia ha causado más estragos. Se analizan las similitudes en el manejo inicial de la pandemia, su minus-valoración, la llamada política de la Cuarta Transformación y sus características, desplegada por el presidente López Obrador en México y el efecto que tiene en la militarización del país;el impacto de la pandemia en la población y la gran crisis económica inducida. Se concluye que México vive una “militarización con respaldo popular”, y que la pandemia ha sido un elemento que ha favorecido a los militares en su imagen pública.